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Baffling Links to Ancient India: History is full of misnomers; one such term is the New World, as
applied to the Americas. The landing of Columbus in 1492 undoubtedly created a new life on
the continents, but it neither created nor discovered a new world. Many centuries ago
Asian migrants had come to the western shore in substantial numbers.
What if the popular idea that Tibetans and American Indians have much in common in terms
of their spiritual culture is largely a result of another historical scenario?
What if Hindus and Hopis, Advantins and Aztecs, Tibetan Monks and Mayans were part of one
world culture - a spiritual one?
Baron Alexander von Humbolt an eminent European
scholar and anthropologist, was one of the first to postulate the Asiatic origin of the
Indian civilizations of the Americas.
Dr. Robert Heine Geldern anthropologist, has
written that: "Those who believe the ancient peoples of Asia were incapable
of crossing the ocean have completely lost sight of what the literary sources
tell us concerning their ships and their navigation. Many of the peoples of
Southeastern Asia had adopted Indian Hindu-Buddhist civilizations. The
influences of the Hindu-Buddhist culture of southeast Asia in Mexico and
particularly, among the Maya, are incredibly strong, and they have already
disturbed some Americanists who don't like to see them but cannot deny
them." "Ships that could cross the Indian Ocean were able to cross the
Pacific too. Moreover, these ships were really larger and probably more
sea-worthy than those of Columbus and Magellan." "Ships of size that
carried Fahien from India to China (through stormy China water) were certainly
capable of proceeding all the way to Mexico and Peru by crossing the Pacific.
One thousand years before the birth of Columbus Indian ships were far superior
to any made in Europe up to the 18th century."
American born Swami B. V. Tripurari asks, "What mysterious psychological law
would have caused Asians, and Americans to both use the umbrella as a sign of royalty, to
invent the same games, imagine similar cosmologies, and attribute the same colors to the
different directions?"
Introduction
Imprint
of Hindu Culture
Ancient
Indians called the Other Hemisphere Pataladesa
Similarities
Conclusion
European Conquest and
Atrocities
Articles:
1.Maya Civilization of Mexico.
2.Master
Builder Uncovers Striking similarities in Indian and Incan/Mayan Sacred
Structures
Introduction
 Sylvain
Levi (1863-1935) French scholar, and Orientalist who wrote on
Eastern religion, literature, and history. Levi
was appointed a lecturer at the school of higher studies
in Paris (1886), he taught Sanskrit at the Sorbonne (1889-94) and wrote his
doctoral dissertation, Le Théâtre indien ("The
Indian Theatre").
In L'Inde
et le monde ("India and the World"), he discussed India's
role among nations. He writes:
"From
Persia to the Chinese Sea, from the icy regions of Siberia to the islands of
Java and Borneo, from Oceania to Socotra, India has propagated her beliefs, her
tales and her civilization. She has left indelible imprints on one-fourth of the
human race in the course of a long succession of centuries."
"She has
the right to reclaim in universal history the rank that ignorance has refused
her for a long time and to hold her place amongst the great nations summarizing
and symbolizing the spirit of Humanity."
(source: Discovery
of India - By Jawaharlal Nehru. p. 200 -210). Refer
to India
once ruled the Americas! – By Gene D Matlock.
 Edward Pococke
(1604–1691) English Orientalist has
asserted that Greek civilization, not accepting its language, is a local
variation of an Indian culture taken to Greece by early colonists from
India.
He has also written that the:
"The Peruvians and their ancestors, the
Indians, are in this point of view at once seen to be the same people."
(source: India
in Greece - By Edward Pococke London.
1852 p. 174).
Colonel
James Tod (1782-1835)
author has said:
"It is ridiculous with all the
knowledge now in our possession, to suppose that the Hindus always confined
themselves within their gigantic barriers, the limits of modern India."
(source: Annals
and Antiquities of Rajasthan: or the Central and Western Rajput States of India
- By James Tod ISBN 8120612892 Volume II p. 218).
Robert Spence
Hardy (1803-1868) says in his book, Eastern
Monachism:
"The ancient edifices of Chichen in Central
America bear a striking resemblance to the topes of India."
(source: Hindu
Superiority - By Har Bilas Sarda p. 187).
 Sir
William Jones (1746-1794) judge of the Supreme Court at Calcutta and
was one who pioneered Sanskrit studies. His admiration for Indian thought and
culture was almost limitless. He has remarked:
"Rama is represented as a
descendant from the sun, as the husband of Sita, and the son of a princess named
Causelya. It is very remarkable that Peruvians, whose Incas boasted of the same
descent, styled their greatest festival Rama-Sitva; whence we may take it that
South America was peopled by the same race who imported into the farthest of
parts of Asia the rites and the fabulous history of Rama."
(source: Asiatic
Researches Volume I. p. 426). Refer to chapter on Quotes.
"Those
who arrived first on the subcontinent, later to be known as America, were groups
of men driven by that mighty current that set out from India towards the
East."
(source: India: Mother
of Us All - Edited by Chaman Lal - Official
History of Mexico p. 90).
 Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-
1835) Prussian minister of education, a brilliant linguist and
the founder of the science of general linguistics.
A century and half ago
an eminent a scholar as Alexander Von Humboldt was convinced of the Asiatic
origin of the American Indian high civilization.
However, when, in
the second half of the 19th century, evolutionist (or rather,
pseudo-evolutionist) ideas captured the imagination of anthropologists, it
seemed no longer necessary to have recourse to the supposition of real contacts
in order to explain the similarities between New and Old world
civilization.
These "evolutionist" ideas have long
since been abandoned, but, curiously enough, the belief in the independent
origin of American Indian civilizations was nevertheless retained. This lack of
logic results in a truly paradoxical situation. No archaeologist today would
attribute to prehistoric Europeans the independent invention of bronze casting,
iron work, the wheel, weaving, pottery, writing and so many other cultural
elements derived from the Near East. Thus what is not conceded to the
inhabitants of the British Isles is willingly conceded to the American
Indians.
Isn't our credulity being taxed too much when we
are asked to believe that a whole series of complicated techniques, like casting
by the lost wax method, the extraction of tin from cassiterite, the alloying
copper and tin, the coloring of gold by chemical processes, weaving, tie-dying
and batik were by a real miracle invented twice, once in the Old World and once
in America?
And what mysterious law
of psychology would have caused the peoples of America, as well as those of
Asia, to invent the parasol and to use it as an emblem of rank and royalty, to
invent the same game with rather complicated rules (pachisi in India and
Southeast Asia, patolli in Mexico), to imagine similar cosmological systems, and
to attribute certain colors to the different directions? After all,
the south is not really red, the east not blue, etc, and the idea is singular
enough to make us doubt that it was conceived more than once.
He remarks on the Mexican deity: "It
presents some remarkable and apparently not accidental resemblances with the
Hindu Ganesh."
(source: Hindu
Superiority - By Har Bilas Sarda p. 188).
 Ephraim
George Squier (1821-1888) was United States Charge d'affaires to
Central America in 1849 and author of Peru; Incidents of Travel and Exploration
in the Land of the Incas and The Serpent Symbol, and the Worship of the
Reciprocal Principles of Nature in America.
Comparing the temples of India, Java and Mexico,
he wrote
nearly a hundred years ago:
"a proper examination of these monuments
would disclose the fact that in their interior as well as their exterior form
and obvious purposes, these buildings (temples in
Palanque, Mexico) correspond
with great exactness to those of
Hindustan..."
Squier further wrote:
"The Buddhist temples of Southern India, and of the
islands of the Indian Archipelago, as described to us by the learned members of
the Asiatic Society and the numerous writers on the religious and antiquities of
the Hindus, correspond with great exactness in all their essential and in many
of their minor features with those of Central America."
(source: The
serpent symbol, and the worship of the reciprocal principles of nature in
America - By Ephraim
George Squier and India: Mother
of Us All - Edited by Chaman Lal p. 91).
 Sir Stamford Raffles
(1781-1826)
the British Governor of Java, and
and founder of Singapore as a British colony and author of the book
History
of Java, expressed a similar view when he wrote:
"the great temple of Borobudur in
Java might readily be mistaken for a Central American temple."
(source: India: Mother
of Us All - Edited by Chaman Lal p. 91).
Dr Baron
Robert Freiherr von Heine Geldern
(1885 - 1968) and
Gordon F. Ekholm (1909 - 1987) World's leading
anthropologists, have said:
"Ships
of size that carried Fa-Hien
(399-414 AD) from India to China (through stormy
China water) were certainly capable of proceeding all the way to
Mexico and Peru by crossing the Pacific. One thousand years before
the birth of Columbus Indian ships were far superior to any made in
Europe up to the 18th century."
Dr
Robert Heine Geldern and
Gordon F. Ekholm
"Many of the peoples of Southeastern Asia
had adopted Indian Hindu-Buddhist civilizations. And they seem to have continued
these voyages to America....The influences of the Hindu-Buddhist culture of
Southeast Asia in Mexico, and particularly, among the Maya, are incredibly
strong, and they have already disturbed also some Americanists who don't like to
see them but cannot deny them."
Monroe Doctrine' which
demands that everything American belongs to America, and must have been wholly
invented there. In the Monroe
Doctrine, the US pledged to intervene in Central America to protect
US interests and keep out foreign influence. The Doctrine has functioned as a
declaration of hegemony and a right of unilateral intervention over the nations
of the Western Hemisphere.
For
more on The Glorious Hindu Legacy: Indic influence in
Southeast Asia refer to the chapters under Glimpses
XII to Glimpses
XIX
Refer
to Who
Discovered America? - By Ricardo Palleres.
***
Robert Heine-Geldern and
Gordon F. Ekholm have further noted:
"Many of the peoples of Southeastern Asia
had adopted Indian Hindu-Buddhist civilizations. And they seem to have continued
these voyages to America....The influences of the Hindu-Buddhist culture of
Southeast Asia in Mexico, and particularly, among the Maya, are incredibly
strong, and they have already disturbed also some Americanists who don't like to
see them but cannot deny them."
"The large number of highly specific
correspondence in so many fields preclude any possibility of mere accidental
coincidence. Nor would it help us to take refuge in any kind of explanation
based on some alleged psychological laws...There is no explanation other that
the assumption of cultural relationship. We must bow to the evidence of facts,
even though this may mean a completely new start."
 Prichard James Cowles (1786
- 1848) was a physician and ethnologist. His special treatise containing Celtic
compared with Sanskrit words
appeared in 1831 under the title Eastern Origin of the
Celtic nations.
He wrote:
"Aryavarta was the holy land of the Brahmans, the country lying between the
Himalayas and Vindhya mountains, which was the ancient abode of the Hindoos...
There
the Hindoos had the seat of their early existence five and twenty centuries
before the Christian era, and thence they appear gradually to have
spread...."
(source: The
Natural history of man; comprising inquiries into the modifying influence of -
By Prichard
James Cowles p. 164. The
Civilizations of Ancient America: The Selected Papers of the
XXIXth International Congress of Americanists - edited
Sol Tax 1951).
 Professor
Fredrick W Putnam (1839 - 1915) Peabody Museum of American
Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard to the history of U.S. archaeology between
his appointment as professor in 1866 and his death in 1915. Putnam was also
active in institutional developments at
Chicago
,
Berkeley
, and
New York
.
He
who
held throughout his life a conviction that the
Americas
received their greatest cultures through
Asia.
He found
in the jungles of Honduras a sculpture which greatly resembles Buddha. According
to the July, 1901 issue of American Harper's Magazine, it has been proved with
evidence that five Buddhist monks had reached Mexico in ancient times, via
Alaska.
John
Alden Mason (1885 – 1967) author of The
Ancient Civilizations of Peru, says that:
“Transoceanic
migrations to
America
have always been a favorite creed of those with the will to believe, but until
quite recently anathema to all reputable American anthropologists.”
 Mrs. Zelia Nuttal
(1857 -1933) Archaeologist and ethnologist has said:
"No country in the world can compare with India for the exposition of the
pyramidal cross. the body of the great temple of Bidh Madhu (formerly the boast
of the ancient city of Benares...demolished in the 7th century) was constructed
in the figure of a colossal cross, with a lofty dome at the center, above which
rose a massive structure of a pyramidal form. At the four extremities of the
cross there were four other pyramids...A similar building existed at Mathura. By
pyramidal towers placed crosswise, the Hindu also displayed the all-pervading
sign of the cross. At the famous temple of Chidambaram, on the Coromandel coast,
there were seven lofty walls, one within the other, round a central quadrangle,
and as many pyramidal gateways in the midst of each side which forms the limbs
of a vast cross."
(source: Zelia
Nutall and Peabody
Museum Papers volume II p. 161-162 and Proof
Vedic Culture's Global Existence
- By Stephen Knapp p. 252 - 253).
 B.G. Sidharth
(1948 - ) of the Birla
Science Center has remarked:
"It
is also interesting to note that the Mayan calendar began with a date around
3112 B.C., very close to the Hindu traditional beginning of the Kali Yuga/Age
viz., 3102 B.C. This period in
India
corresponds to the
Indus
valley or Harappan civilization which lasted for a few thousand years, at least
up to the first millennium B.C., or even later.
The period around the first
millennium B.C. is also the period of the Epic
Mahabharata. Marine archaeological researches in the Dwaraka
region of
Western India
put this period near 1500 B.C. In
fact the Mahabharata period of
India
overlapped the
Indus
valley period. Arjuna one of the heroes of the Mahabharata was a friend of
Maya, an expert architect and he had also married a Naga princess, two facts,
which, as will be seen now could be of significance. Maya himself is described
as an Asura, as contrasted with Devas (literally bright ones), an other fact of
significance."
(source:
The
Astronomical Link between
India
and the Mayans – By B G Sidharth).
For
Hindu Astronomy refer to chapter Hindu
Culture
Ancient
Indians knew Atlantic Ocean
Buddhist
Jataka stories wrote about large Indian ships carrying seven hundred
people. In the Artha Sastra, Kautilya
wrote about the Board of Shipping and the Commissioner of Port who supervised
sea traffic. The Harivamsa informs that the
first geographical survey of the world was performed during the period of
Vaivasvata. The towns, villages and demarcation of agricultural land of that
time were charted on maps. Brahmanda Purana
provides the best and most detailed description of world map drawn on a flat
surface using an accurate scale. Padma Purana says that world maps were prepared
and maintained in book form and kept with care and safety in chests.
Surya
Siddhanta speaks about construction of wooden
globe of earth and marking of horizontal circles, equatorial circles
and further divisions. Some Puranas say that the map making had great practical
value for the administrative, navigational and military purposes. Hence the
method of making them would not be explained in general texts accessible to the
public and were ever kept secret. Surya Siddhanta says that the art of
cartography is the secret of gods. This being the general thinking at those
times, yet, there was one group of people who realized that the maps or the
secret texts that contained the geographical surveys will not last a very long
time. Only cryptology using words and names would last longer than any.
(source: Ancient Indians knew Atlantic Ocean - By Dr.
V.Siva Prasad Retired Professor of Engineering. Andhra University,
India).
Calendrics
and Astronomical computations
The ancient Hindu and
Mayan civilizations exhibit other interesting convergences. Hindu records say
that a member of a great race which preceded ours, a highly-developed personage
known as Asuramaya, learned all the basic
cosmic cycles and used his knowledge to determine the durations of the various
geological and cyclical periods of human evolution. The chronology and
computations of their still used Tamil calendar, say the Brahmans, are based
upon the works of Asuramaya and upon carefully maintained collateral zodiacal
records. Their most ancient extant work on astronomy, the Surya
Siddhanta, says that Asuramaya lived toward the end of the Krita-yuga,
a former age that ended approximately 2,165,000 years before the present. This
would place Asuramaya at something less than 2.5 million years ago.
The name Asuramaya is a
compound of the two Sanskrit
words, Asura and Maya. The personage himself is Maya, the prefix Asura
signifying that Maya was of the Asuras, a name given to a certain caste or
people of the great prehistoric race that preceded our own, or Aryan humanity.
The word Asura derives from surya, Sanskrit for the sun. In accordance with the
archaic Indian manner of describing the matter, the astronomer named Maya was
said to have gained his knowledge from studying the sun. The sun and its
encircling planets also occupied the central attention of the Mayan astronomer
caste in
Central America.
The early Hindu thinkers
visualized the passage of a race from its birth to its close as embracing four
distinct phases or yugas, and they said that races overlapped each other in
duration. According to their calculations, the world, in other words our present
race, entered the fourth of its phases, which they term the Kali
yuga or Iron age, in the year 3102 BC. This event coincided with the
death of
Krishna
, whom they describe as an avatara or incarnation of a lofty divine-spiritual
being or messiah. His departure from the earth is said to have ushered in new
and different conditions affecting our race. Modern students of the ancient
Mayan numerical glyphs have found that the dating of major series of events
noted on Mayan stelae invariably give such reckonings in terms of the
time elapsed since a date known as 4 Ahau 8 Cumhu. They know
that for the Maya chroniclers this date represented a commencement point in
time-reckoning of such awesome magnitude that it was central to all else in
subsequent Maya history; but they don't know what it meant or why it was so
important to the latter.
Among other ancient
nations only one, the Hindu peoples of the Indian subcontinent, is known to have
developed a system of calendrics accounting for such vast periods of time.
For
computing the age of the earth and various geological and other epochs, as well
as the age of mankind, the learned Brahman caste still employs a Tamil calendar
derived from archaic astronomical data, known as the "Tirukkanda
Panchanga" (cf. The Secret Doctrine,
2:49-51).
Indic
Influence is South east Asia: Chandi Sukuh Hindu Temple dedicated to Bhima of
Mahabharata in Indonesia strikes a disquieting alien chord with its flat topped step
pyramid and its Mayan calendar carvings.
The
religious structures in Java are commonly called Chandis, a term which
originally meant a commemorative building.
In general layout, the temple conforms to the plan of most other
Hindu temples. There are three precincts, consisting of three concentric
terraces. However, where most temples would have a large square shrine, Candi
Sukuh has a pyramid reminiscent of Mayan structures from
Central America.
The
Hindus are also the only older people besides the Mayans who are known to have
employed the concept of zero in their mathematics.
Refer
to chapters on Sacred
Angkor and Glimpses
XII and Quotes
and Seafaring
in Ancient India
Refer
to Who
Discovered America? - By Ricardo Palleres.
***
This calendar contains a
calculation of something over three hundred millions of years for the age of the
present earth since sedimentation occurred, and a period of somewhat more than
eighteen million years since the first appearance of our mankind.
The
Hindus are also the only older people besides the Mayans who are known to have
employed the concept of zero in their mathematics.
When it comes to human history, however, our scholars hesitate and grow uncertain
about man as civilized homo sapiens
even as late as 10,000 BC, whereas Hindu savants routinely regard him as at
least eighteen million years old -- and if we could read more of the Mayan
historical records we might find in them a similar calculation.
The
Mayans invented a solar "civil" year of 365 days. We know, however,
that they made calendrical emendations and developed a more precise notion of
solar time than that embodied in our own calendar.
(source:
Ciphers
and Civilizations
- By
Blair A Moffett -
Sunrise
magazine, January 1973. Theosophical University Press).
For more
refer to chapter on Greater
India: Suvarnabhumi and Sacred
Angkor and
Seafaring in Ancient India.
***
Indian
Foam on Pacific Waves
D P Singhal,
( ? ) Professor of History at the University of Queensland and author of the
book, India and World Civilization has observed:
“The art of shipping and
navigation in
India
and China
at the time was sufficiently advanced for oceanic crossings."
"It is asserted that
it would have been unlikely for a large number of people to have crossed the
vast expanses of the Pacific without well-equipped boats and skilful voyagers.
The argument, however, falls upon closer scrutiny. It would not be at all
difficult for a large canoe or catamaran
(from Tamil kattu "to tie" and
maram "wood, tree" is a type of boat or ship consisting of two hulls
joined by a frame) to cross from Polynesia to
South America
even at the present time, and the ancient Asians were skilled and enterprising
seafaring men. In ancient times the Indians excelled in
shipbuilding and even the English, who were attentive to everything which
related to naval architecture, found early Indian models worth copying. The
Indian vessels united elegance and utility, and were models of fine workmanship.
 Sir John Malcolm
(1769 - 1833) was a Scottish soldier, statesman, and historian entered the
service of the East India Company wrote about Indian vessels that they:
“are so admirably adapted to the purpose for which they are required that, not
withstanding their superior science, Europeans were unable, during an
intercourse with India for two centuries, to suggest or at least to bring into
successful practice one improvement.”
(source: India
and World Civilization
- By D P Singhal part
II p. 76 - 77). Refer to chapter on Seafaring
in Ancient India.
***
The first Maya Empire had been founded in Guatemala at about the
beginning of the Christian era. Before the fall of Rome the Mayas were charting accurately
the synodical revolutions of Venus, and whilst Europe was still lingering in the Dark Ages
the Maya civilization had reached a peak of greatness.
It is significant that the zenith of Maya
civilization was reached at a time when India had
also attained an unparalleled cultural peak during the Gupta period,
and Indian cultural intercourse with Southeast Asia, the Gupta period had begun more than a century before
the Mayan classical age in 320 and Buddhism and Hinduism had been well
known in neighboring countries for centuries. If
there was contact between Mayan America and Indianized Southeast Asia, the simultaneous
cultural advance would not appear surprising. In
marked contrast, this was the darkest period in Europe's history between the sack of Rome
and the rise of Charlemagne.
The most important development of the ancient American or
Asiomerican culture took place in the south of the United States, in Mexico, in
Central
America, and in Peru. The early history of Asiomericans is shrouded in mystery and
controversy due to the absence of definitive documentary evidence, which was destroyed by the
European conquerors in their
misguided religious zeal.
 However, it appears that after the discovery of introduction of
maize into Mexico, Asiomericans no longer had to wander about in search of food. Men in
America, as in other parts of the world, settled down to cultivate food and culture, a
by-product of agricultural life, inevitably followed.
Of the Asiomerican civilizations, the best known are
the Maya, the Toltec, the Aztec, and the Inca. The Mayas were possibly the earliest people to found a civilization
there; they moved form the Mexican plateau into Guatemala. They were later pushed out,
presumably by the Toltecs, who, in turn were dislodged by the Aztecs.
(For holocaust inflicted against the Indians,
please refer to a well written and thought provoking book Conquest
of Paradise: : Christopher Columbus and the Columbian
Legacy - Kirkpatrick Sale
for
more on Spanish greed and their lust for gold).
The
European conquerors of South and Central America not only destroyed practically
all the records and literature of AsioAmerica, but created an utterly distorted
image of the American past by taking some of its ugly features out of context
and magnifying them out of proportion. For instance,
human sacrifice practiced by the Aztecs was repeatedly stressed without
explaining its extenuating features, and without pointing out that human
sacrifice had not been unknown to other peoples, such as in Egypt,
Rome
and in the Bible.
Taking their technique a step further they contrasted
this picture with that of their own deeds in Asioamerica in which European
misdemeanor, caprice, and criminality were soft-pedaled and civilized and
humane behavior emphasized. Most people believe that Asioamericans
were uncivilized hordes with an occasional freak of knowledge, who had
contributed nothing of permanent value to civilization by 1492. Despite a good
deal of information to the contrary, there is resistance to accepting a change
in this image. Misconceptions multiply fast but die slowly.
(source:
India
and World Civilization
- By D P Singhal part
II p. 39 – 42).
Top of Page
Imprint
of Hindu Culture
 Ambassador Miles
Poindexter states in his book, The Ayar-Incas:
"Aryan words and people came to America by
the island chains of Polynesia. The very name of the boat in Mexico is a South
Indian (Tamil) word: Catamaran.
(source: The Ayar-Incas - By Miles Poindexter
published by Horace Liveright New York volume 1-2. 1930).
Hindu were mighty navigators and pioneers of
cultures centuries before Columbus was born. They established their cultural
empires in Java, Balim Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines, Cambodia, Champa, Burma,
Thailand and ruled there till the fourteenth century.
(please refer
to chapter on Greater India or Suvarnabhumi).
The emigrant races of
India took with them, wherever they went, (Southeast Asia or America) their
system of measurement of time, their local gods, their customs, including games,
dances and ceremonials. The belief in the four Hindu Yugas (epochs), the
existence in America of the Hindu Gurukala scheme of education, the Hindu
Panchayat System, the bazaar economy, the Soma Yagna (sacrifice), the worship of
Indra, Trinity and Hindu gods and others.
Both the Hindus and Americans used similar items in their worship
rituals. They both maintained the concept of four
Yuga cycles, or cosmological seasons, extending over
thousands of years, and conceived of twelve constellations with reference to the sun as
indicated by the Incan sun calendar.
 Royal insignias, systems of government, and practice
of religious dance and temple worship all showed remarkable similarities, pointing
strongly to the idea that the Americas were strongly influenced by the Aryans. The theory
is found in the Vedic literature of India. The ancient Puranas (literally, histories) and
the Mahabharata make mention of the Americas as lands rich with gold and silver.
Argentina, which means "related to silver", is thought to have been named after
Arjuna (of silver hue).
Jean
Frederick Waldeck (1766-1875) was a French
antiquarian, cartographer, artist and explorer.
He
sketched the Maya ruins, and believed that the Maya had developed from
Old World
stock and saw Hindu influences in the glyph.
(source:
The
Magnificent Maya – Lost Civilizations – Time Life Books p. 20 – 21 and The Ayar-Incas - By Miles Poindexter
published by Horace Liveright New York volume 1-2. 1930). Refer
to Who
Discovered America? - By Ricardo Palleres.
Top of Page
Ancient
Indians called the Other Hemisphere Pataladesa
Dr. Balaram Chakravarti
author of The Indians And The Amerindians
has written:
It will be evident from a close study of the
texts of Indian Astronomy that Latin America was known to ancient Indians, who
called it Pataladesa. The Surya
Siddhanta, a textbook of Astronomy, composed before 500 A.D.
identifies and describes Pataldesa in very clear and definite terms in the
chapter of geography (chapter xii).
The Surya Siddhanta categorically says that the
Devas and Asuras live on the earth. The Devas live in the northern hemisphere
while the Asuras live in the Southern hemisphere and have a tradition of enmity
against each other. It further says that the ocean which surrounds the poles of
the earth has divided the planet into two great continents, viz. the continent
of the Devas and the continent of the Asuras. The Brahmanas of India write the
epithet Deva-Serman after their names thus describing themselves as the Devas.
When the Sun is in the northern hemisphere eg. in
Aries, he appears first to the Devas, and again when the Sun is in the southern
hemisphere, he appears first to the Asuras. When the Sun is on the Equator both
the Devas and the Asuras find the Sun in the middle and the days and nights are
equal. As the Sun proceeds to the northern hemisphere, the Devas experience
summer because of the directness and intensity of the solar rays, the Asuras do
not get the rays so directly then and its intensity is also less, the sun being
in the northern hemisphere. Hence they experience winter during this time. This
obviously indicates that Pataldesa was South America.
The Surya Siddhanta explains how the people
living on opposite ends of the globe consider themselves, wrongly, as living on
the upper and lower part of the globe, though there cannot really be an upper or
lower part, of the globe, which moves in vaccuum.
Maya, the author of Surya Siddhanta, also
mentions the four great cities situated on the opposite ends of the world,
equidistant from one another. 1. Yamakotipura in Bhadrasvavarsa (Indonesia?) in
the east, Lanka in Bharatvarsa (India) in the south and 3. Rome in Ketumalavarsa
(Europe) in the west and Siddhapura in Kuruvarsa (America?) in the north.
The celebrated astronomer Bhaskaracarya
mentions the time difference between the important cities situated in different
parts of the world in his Siddhanta Siromani
(Goladhyaya) thus:
"When the sun rises at Lanka, the time as
at Yakakotipura to the east of Lanka, will be midday. Below the earth at
Siddhapura, it will be twilight then, and at Romakadesa in Europe, the time will
be midnight."
Accurate time difference of places around the
world found in ancient Sanskrit texts
(image source: The Indians And The Amerindians - By Dr. B. Chakravarti
p. 34-110).
For
more refer to chapter on Greater
India: Suvarnabhumi and Sacred
Angkor and
Seafaring
in Ancient India
For
Hindu Astronomy refer to chapter Hindu
Culture.
Refer
to India
once ruled the Americas! – By Gene D Matlock
***
From such location of places round
the globe and the movement towards the east, it appears that many Indian
merchants used to sail frequently and some even settled down in Indonesia and
Indochina, who used to relay on to Polynesia and then further on to South or
Middle America, may be not a single ship and in a single effort, but after
stopovers at the important ports on the other islands-chain of which seems to
have existed then and some of which submerged later because of tectonic
movements. It seems that some contact with the cities mentioned by
Bhaskaracharya might have existed till his time.
Baron Robert
Freiherr von Heine Geldern (1885 - 1968) and Gordon
F. Ekholm (1909 - 1987) the world's
leading anthropologists, have strongly supported the claim that Indian ships
went all the way to Mexico and Peru centuries before Columbus.
In the "Civilizations
of Ancient America" they state:
"There appears to be
little doubt but that ship building and navigation were sufficiently advanced in
southern and eastern Asia at the period in question to have made trans-Pacific
voyages possible. In the third century, horses were exported from India to the
Malay Peninsula and Indo-China, an indication that there must have been ships of
considerable size."
(source: India: Mother
of us All - Edited by Chaman Lal p. 43-44).
Sailor dropping anchor at
Angkorwat, Cambodia.
"Those who believe the
ancient peoples of Asia were incapable of crossing the ocean have completely
lost sight of what the literary sources tell us concerning their ships and their
navigation."
Large
four-masted ships possessed by the Indians at the time made crossing the Pacific
perfectly feasible.
Amaravati,
India was particularly important in the colonization of Southeast Asia, thus making
sensible the relation of lotus friezes of second century Amaravati with
water-lily friezes of Chichen Itza.
(source:
Transoceanic
Contacts Between the Old and New World).
US
Government recently adopted the ancient
Indian catamaran-making technology to construct fast ships. The
ships, built with technology adapted from ancient Tamil methods to make
catamarans, can travel over 2,500 kms in less than 48 hours, twice the speed of
the regular cargo ships.
Refer to chapter on Seafaring
in Ancient India.
India
was the spark that fired the blaze.
Ancient Indian
ocean-going ship arriving at Java, from a frieze of the Borobodur stupa.
For
more refer to chapter on Greater
India: Suvarnabhumi and Sacred
Angkor and Seafaring
in Ancient India.
Refer
to India
once ruled the Americas! – By Gene D Matlock
and Who
Discovered America? - By Ricardo Palleres.
***
Dr. Robert Heine Geldern anthropologist, has
written that:
"Those who believe the ancient peoples of Asia were incapable
of crossing the ocean have completely lost sight of what the literary sources
tell us concerning their ships and their navigation. Many of the peoples of
Southeastern Asia had adopted Indian Hindu-Buddhist civilizations. The
influences of the Hindu-Buddhist culture of southeast Asia in Mexico and
particularly, among the Maya, are incredibly strong, and they have already
disturbed some Americanists who don't like to see them but cannot deny
them." "Ships that could cross the Indian Ocean were able to cross the
Pacific too. Moreover, these ships were really large. The Periplus of the
Erythraean sea mentions the large ships of Southern India which engaged in trade
with the countries of the East. A Chinese source of the third century A.D.
describes vessels from Southern Asia which were 150 feet in length, and had four
masts and were able to carry six to seven hundred men and one thousand metric
tons of merchandise when the Buddhist Pilgrim Fahien returned from Sri Lanka to
China, in 414 A.D."
Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859)
who spent fifty years doing research on Ancient America, said:
"It is surprising to
find, toward the end of the fifteenth century, in a world that we call
"New" the ancient institutions, the religious ideas, the forms of
edifices which, in Asia appear to belong to the first dawn of
civilization."
Those Indian ships that carried Fahien, the
Chinese historian and scholar through stormy China waters could without
difficulty proceed all the way to Mexico and other countries. A thousand years
before the birth of Columbus Indian ships could carry hundreds of
passengers.
Maya-Hindu
connection
Dr.
B. N. Narahari Achar is a professor of physics at the University
of
Memphis. He has recently become interested in the ancient astronomies of
India
and
Mesoamerica.
He
has observed:
"The
Mayan culture flourished in Mesoamerica
during the early Christian era, before being completely wiped out by the
Spanish conquest. Astronomy played a significant role in Mayan culture. Venus in
particular had a preeminent status. Testimony to this rich tradition is borne
out by Mayan temple art and the few available Codices, or sacred books, of the
Mayans. Western scholars have attempted to relate the Mayan concepts to those of
Greek astronomy. The sidereal Mayan astronomy is more
akin to the Hindu system and does not easily fit into the Greek model.
Chichen
Itza. This pyramid was built for astronomical purposes and during the vernal
equinox (March 20) and the autumnal equinox (September 21) at about 3 P.M.. the
sunlight bathes the western balustrade of the pyramid's main stairway. This
causes seven isosceles triangles to form imitating the body of a serpent 37
yards long that creeps downwards until it joins the huge serpent's head carved
in stone at the bottom of the stairway.
The Mayan
pyramid is similar to the temple-pyramids of Cambodia, and is reminiscent of a
prevalent concept in the Hindu-Buddhist world. It expresses the idea of erecting
an artificial mountain, like the Indian Mount Sumeru, the Mountain ascending to
Heaven.
It is said that Garuda represents the Vedas and the solar deities, and
Shesa Naga represents the watery deities. The serpent is of great significance in the Mayan
culture also. A supreme example is the serpent of sunlight and shadow seen at Chichén
Itzá. Kukulcan
appears to be Shesa Naga and Garuda combined into one.
The temple structure at the top
is
exactly 1/4th of the base according to Vastu Vedic principles of Mayan. Most interesting
is the name of the structure - chilambalam,
meaning a sacred space. The Mayans worshiped the very concept
of space, specifically a space made according to the modular system. This same idea is
found in Hinduism in the sacred room in the center of the Chidambaram Siva Temple in South
India, where space or akasha is worshiped-there is no idol. Mayan
chilambalam refers to a sacred space, as does Tamil Chidambaram. Yok'hah in
Mayan means "on top of truth," similar to yoga in Sanskrit.
Bakong at
Angkorvat - Cambodia. Dedicated to Lord Shiva.
“Astronomically,
it (Angkor Wat) has built-in positions for lunar and solar observation. The sun
itself was so important to the builders of the temple that solar movement
regulates the position of the bas-reliefs. It is not surprising that Angkor Wat
integrates astronomy, the calendar, and religion since the priest-architects who
constructed the temple conceived of all three as a unity. Astronomy was known as
the sacred science."
“Transoceanic
migrations to America
have always been a favorite creed of those with the will to believe, but until
quite recently anathema to all reputable American anthropologists.” - wrote John Alden Mason,
author of The
Ancient Civilizations of Peru.
The
European conquerors of South and Central America not only destroyed practically
all the records and literature of Asioamerica, but created an utterly distorted
image of the American past by taking some of its ugly features out of context
and magnifying them out of proportion.
Human
sacrifice practiced by the Aztecs was repeatedly stressed without explaining its
extenuating features, and without pointing out that human sacrifice had not been
unknown to other peoples, such as in Egypt,
Rome
and in the Bible. Taking their technique a
step further they contrasted this picture with that of their own deeds in
Asioamerica in which European misdemeanor, caprice, and criminality were
soft-pedaled and civilized and humane behavior emphasized. (Refer to European Conquest and
Atrocities).
(image
source: webmaster's own
collection of photos taken during a recent visit to Cambodia and Mexico).
Winged
human figures whose hands are poised in gestures like
Hindu/Buddhist mudras. Winged God from Candi Sukuh at Hindu Temple in Java,
Indonesia.
Ek
Balam -
Built atop the
base is Ek Balam’s massive main pyramid, reaching a height of 32 m and
sporting a huge jaguar mouth with 360 degree dentition. Below the mouth are
stucco skulls, while above and to the right sits an amazingly expressive figure.
On the right side stand unusual winged human figures
(some call them Maya angels), whose hands are poised in gestures looking for all
the world like Hindu/Buddhist mudras.
Its enough to make you wonder about connections between ancient
civilizations ……
(source:
Yucatan
- By Ray Bartlett and Daniel Schechter - Lonely Planet p. 202).
For
more refer to chapter on Greater
India: Suvarnabhumi and Sacred
Angkor and Seafaring
in Ancient India
***
Striking similarity is
found between certain Mayan and Puranic stories, and their related astronomical
interpretation. In the Puranas, Lord Vishnu is represented as resting on the
serpent Ananta or Sesa, after having dissolved all creation. The serpent
represents the eternity of time (Ananta), and the "remainder" (Sesa) in
subtle form, of prakriti, the germ of all that has been and will be. After
waking up from the yoganidra, Vishnu rides on the eagle Garuda. Both Garuda and
Sesa are shown in association with Vishnu in the temples of India. It is said that Garuda represents the Vedas and the solar deities, and Sesa
represents the watery deities. The serpent is of great significance in the Mayan
culture also. A supreme example is the serpent of sunlight and shadow seen at Chichén
Itzá. At the time of the equinoxes, as the Sun moves from east to
west, a pattern of light and shadow appears on the west balustrade of the north
stairway of the Castillo at Chichén Itzá. This display resembles a descending
snake whose head is the monumental serpent head carved out of stone at the foot
of the stairs. The feathered serpent represents the Mayan God Kukulcan, who is
associated with rain water and new life, among other things. Kukulcan
appears to be Sesa and Garuda combined into one.
The devas and the asuras
churned the
Milky
Ocean
in search of amrita. Vishnu assumed the form of a tortoise and dived to the
bottom of the cosmic ocean. On his back, the devas and asuras placed the
mount
Mandara
as the churn and used the serpent Vasuki as the rope. From the churned
Milky
Ocean
emerged all planets, poisonous Halahala, many treasures, and finally, amrita.
The devas wanted the nectar only for themselves. However, a serpent asura named
Rahu, disguised as a deva, was able to get a share of amrita. The Sun and the
Moon discovered him. Rahu's head was instantly cut off. However, as he had
already ingested amrita, he could not be killed. To this day, the head of Rahu
attempts to swallow the Sun and the Moon. Rahu represents the ascending node of
the moon's orbit, and swallowing of the Sun and the Moon represent symbolically
the occurrence of the eclipses. There is a picture from the Maya
Codex Tro-Cortesianus. It shows a tortoise, a central churning rod
and a serpent being used as a rope by figures of dark and light shade. The
western scholars have found it difficult to interpret this picture, but the
similarity of the picture to the churning of the
Milky
Ocean
of the Puranas is remarkable. In the Dresden Codex
there are glyphs representing eclipses, depicting the Sun or the Moon as being
devoured by a serpent. The similarity to the Hindu
representation in which Rahu tries to devour the luminary object is
unmistakable."
(source: Maya-Hindu
connection - By Dr.
B. N. Narahari Achar - hinduismtoday.com).
 In 1866, the French architect, Eugene
Viollet-le-Duc (1814 - 1879) also noted striking resemblances between ancient Mexican
architectural structures and
those of South India.
Ephraim
George Squier (1821-1888) was United States Charge d'affaires to
Central America in 1849 also noted
similarities in both major and minor features of Buddhist temples of South India and
Mexico they were round and different colors were used on each of the four quarters.
Chicchan according to Mayan history is the serpent mind, the mind
that is constantly renewed and regenerated, through a process of shedding what
no longer serves us. The physical body itself can be seen as an evolutionary
skin periodically released, as one life ends and another begins. It is a body
fueled ultimately by a form of solar energy the Maya call kultunlilni. Kultunlilni
is the vital life force empowering all human growth and
development. This crucial life-force is the same as what is known in Hindu
cosmology as the serpent power: kundalini. Kundalini
is the great evolutionary force making of each body and its occupant, a
potentially powerful source of solar wisdom. Important for us to remember, however, is that this primary,
very intimate and very powerful source of wisdom is only accessible to the
extent that we are able to hear what our bodies, as carriers of its sacred gift,
are actually telling us. Inevitably in this process, we turn to those with whom
we feel a strong attraction or affinity. "
(source:
Aligning
With the Spirit of the Maya Calendar End-Date 2012 - By Dwayne Edward Rourke -
adishakti.org).
Top of Page
Similarities
Hindu-Mexican Trinity
Scholars were also greatly impressed by the
similarity between the Hindu Trinity - Brahma-Visnu-Shiva and the Mexican Trinity -
Ho-Huizilopochtli-Tlaloc as well as the likeness between Indian temples and American pyramids.
Huizilopochtli and Tlaloc.
The parallels between the Hindu Brahma-Vishnu-Shiva Trinity and the Mexican
Ho-Huitzilopochtli-Tlaloc Trinity, and the resemblances between the attributes of certain
Hindu deities and those of the Mayan pantheon are impressive.
***
The parallels between the Hindu Brahma-Vishnu-Shiva Trinity and the Mexican Ho-Huitzilopochtli-Tlaloc Trinity, and the resemblances between the attributes of certain
Hindu deities and those of the Mayan pantheon are impressive.
In the
book The Conquest of the Maya by J
Leslie Mitchell
explains that the basis of the old Maya empire was not of the
work of the ancestors of the present day Maya, but was an import from the same
foreigners that built the palaces and temples of the Chams and Khmers in Cambodia, and the temples in Java. He also points out the similarities between the Maya
rain-god Chac and the Vedic Indian Indra, and the Maya monkey-god and
the Vedic Hanuman. The Vedic origin is further enhanced by the frequency that
the elephant motif is found in Maya art, especially the earlier works of the
Maya, such as at Copan, although the elephant never existed in the region.
One
reason for these similarities between the
Americas
and India
is that in ancient Vedic times there were two great architects, Visvakarma
of the demigods or Aryans, and Maya of the asuras. Surya
Siddhanta was revealed to Mayasura
by Sun. The Mayan
people, also known as technicians, were no doubt named as such because of being
connected with this person named Maya or Mayasura and Maya Danava. They were a
part of his clan or tribe. They had fallen away from the Vedic way of life and
were sent or escaped to the region of
Central America
. They also carried with them much of the science of astronomy and navigation
for which this Mayasura was known. Mayasura’s knowledge is more fully
explained in the classic work of Indian Vedic astronomy known as the Surya
Siddhanta for which he is given credit. Many people have wondered from where the
Mayan acquired their astronomical knowledge. This would explain how the Mayan
people had such a high degree of understanding in astronomy, from which they
also developed their calendar. The Mayan calendar was a science they had long
developed, carrying it with them from their previous location and civilization.
Like the
Vedic culture, the Maya had a pantheon of demigods, many of which have
similiarities to the Vedic deities. Mayan gods like Xiuhtechutli and Xipe Totec
have their Vedic counterparts in Indra and Agni. Indra, like Xiuhtechutli, was
the rain god and guardian of the Eastern Quadrant, and Agni, similar to Xipe
Totec, was the god of sacrificial fire, born in wood and the life force of trees
and plants. Then there is the Vedic Ushas, the beautiful goddess of Dawn or Sky,
who is similar to the Mayan view of Venus, goddess of Dawn.
Furthermore,
hymn 121 of the book ten in the Rig Veda is
very similar to the description of creation as found in the Popul
Vuh.
(source: Proof
Vedic Culture's Global Existence
- By Stephen Knapp p. 246 - 247).
According to
Donald A. Mackenzie writes in his book, Myths
of Pre-Columbian America:
"Tezcatlipoca, was like Hindu god
Kubera,
was a god of the north. The story of Yappan appears to be of Indian origin. The
story of the temptation and fall of Yappan is too like that of the temptation
and fall of his Indian prototype to be of spontaneous origin in the New World.
The conclusion drawn from the evidence of the Yappan myth that Hindu cultural
influences reached America is greatly strengthened when we find Acosta informing
us that certain Mexican ascetics, who assisted the priests, "dressed in
white robes and lived by begging." The wandering Brahmin and Buddhist
pilgrims in India similarly begged their food."
Same Aryan name of God: When Cortes invaded the
valley of Mexico he found that the Mexicans - through the chief motive of
his great adventure was to destroy their religion and to substitute his own, had
the same word for God that he himself had. His own (Spanish) was Dios, from
Greek Theos, the Mexican, as Cortes converted it to writing, was Teotl (Devata
or Deo in Sanskrit).
(source: The Ayar-Incas - By Miles Poindexter published by Horace Liveright
New York volume 1-2. 1930).
Churning of the Milky
Ocean
The Indian myth of the Churning
of the Milky Ocean reached America. In Codex
Cortes there is a grotesque but recognizable Maya representation of
the ocean churning. The tortoise, however, is on the summit of the
mountain-pestle instead of being beneath it, and the other form of the serpent
god appears above his avatar. Round the mountain-pestle is twisted a snake,
called "a rope" by Seler. Two dark gods, like the Indian Asuras, hold
one end of the snake-rope while the other end is grasped by the elephant headed
god. To the rope is attached a symbol of the sun (Kin).'
(source: Myths
of Pre-Columbian America - By
Donald A. Mackenzie p. 191- 229).
The Indian Elephant in
American Art
The American writer and explorer,
Mr. John L. Stephens, who, accompanied Mr. Catherwood, an accomplished artist,
visited the ruins of Maya civilization in Central America in the middle of last
century, detected the elephant on a sculptural pillar at Copan, which he
referred to as an "idol." A reproduction of one of the ornaments in
question should leave no doubt as to the identity of the animal depicted by the
ancient American sculptor. It is not only an elephant, but an Indian elephant
(Elephas
Indicus), a species found in India, Ceylon, Borneo and Sumatra. In India the
elephant was tamed during the Vedic period. It was called at first by the Aryo-Indians
"the beast having a hand". and ultimately simply Hastin "having a
hand". An elephant keeper was called Hastipa. The Maya long nosed god is
regarded by those who favor the hypothesis of direct or indirect Indian cultural
influence in America as a form of the Indian elephant-headed god, Ganesha.
The Indian elephant in America.
Elephant motif in Mayan sculpture, though elephants are unknown in America.
The Maya "long nosed
god" is regarded by those who favor the hypothesis of direct or indirect
Indian cultural influence in America as a form of the Indian elephant-headed God
Ganesha.
In the Codex Cortes, the
American elephant-headed god, who is decorated with the characteristic Cambodian
ear ornament, is shown with a thunderbolt in each hand standing besides a
bearded rattlesnake, whose body forms an enclosure full of water.
(source: Myths of Pre-Columbian America - By Donald A.
Mackenzie p. 35 and 245).
***
Anthropology Professor Elliot Smith
comments:
"If it has been possible for complicated games (like Pachissi) to make
their way to the other side of the Pacific, the much simpler design of an
elephant's head could also have been transferred from India or to the Far East
to America."
(source: Myths
of Pre-Columbian America - By
Donald A. Mackenzie p. 28-35).
 Discussing the diffusion of
Indian religions to Mexico, a recent scholar, Paul
Kirchhoff (1900 - 1972) German
anthropologist from the University of Frankfurt,
in "The Diffusion of a Great Religious System from
India to Mexico" had even suggested that it is not simply
a question of miscellaneous influences wandering from one country to the other, but that
China, India, Java, and Mexico actually share a common system."
Kirchhoff has sought
"to demonstrate that a calendaric
classification of 28 Hindu gods and their animals into twelve groups, subdivided into four
blocks, within each of which we find a sequence of gods and animals representing Creation,
Destruction and Renovation, and which can be shown to have existed both in India and Java,
must have been carried from the Old World to the New, since in Mexico we find calendaric
lists of gods and animals that follow each other without interruption in the same order
and with attributes and functions or meanings strikingly similar to those of the 12 Indian
and Javanese groups of gods, showing the same four subdivisions."
(source: India
and World Civilization
- By D P Singhal part
II p. 62 – 63).
Trilokinath,
the Hindu ruler of the three worlds, was known to the Mexicans by the name,
until the Spanish conquerors mistakenly changed the name into Tloque
Nahuaque.
The God born from Lotus
Brahma, the supreme deity of the Hindus, was
"born from a lotus which grew out of the navel of the god Vishnu whilst
floating on the primordial waters." The Tibetan repeat "Om Mani Padme
Hum" (O, Jewel in the heart of the Lotus, Have mercy on me). The lotus as
the emblem of God was sacred in India. The Hindu goddess Maya, - "the
cosmic illusion" the female energy, "mother of gods and men" - is
sometimes represented as the sakti. This same "mother of the gods" was
carried to America and appeared in the Maya theogony of Yucatan under the same
name, - May, - in the same functions she performed in India. In Mexico, Maya was
also called "the mother of the gods". Other names for her were "nourisher
of the human race" "type of earth mother."
(source: The
Ayar-Incas - By Miles Poindexter
published by Horace Liveright New York volume 1-2. 1930 p. 133-135).
Narsingha - India
Narsingha - Mexico.
For
more refer to chapter on Greater
India: Suvarnabhumi and Sacred
Angkor and
Seafaring
in Ancient India
***
In a temple in Guatemala is a statue
of an incarnation of Vishnu as Kurma, the tortoise. The sculpture is richly
detailed and strongly suggests that it might have been wrought by Hindu hands.
In Palenque Temple of the Sun in Mexico Surya occupies the place of honor.
 Even
Yama, the god of death of Hindu
mythology, has found his way to Mexico and Peru, while typically Hindu lotus and
chakras motifs adorn the temples. Maya and Aztec architectural styles are
remarkably similar to those in India and South east Asia. In both areas the
chief structures were pyramid shaped, with serpent balustrades and
surmounted
Sir Edward
B. Taylor (1832 - 1917) English anthropologist also found the
counterparts of the tortoise myth of India in ancient America. He observed that:
"The
striking analogy between the tortoise myth of North America and India is by no
means a matter of new observation; it was indeed noticed by Jesuit
Father Lafitan
nearly a century and half ago."
Three greatest features of the Asiatic stories
are found among the North American Indians in their fullest and clearest
development..."
(source: Early
History of Mankind - By E. B. Taylor).
It is not without reason that the
Spanish author Lopez says in his book Le Races Aryans
de Peru:
"Every page of Peruvian
poetry bears the imprint of Ramayana and Mahabharata."
The Brahmananda or Egg of Brahma in India and
Chac mool statue:The
Egg and Serpent Legend in Mexico.
This complex Churning
of Milky Ocean reached America. In Codex
Cortes there is a grotesque but recognizable Maya representation of
the ocean churning. The tortoise, is, however, on the summit of the mountain
pestle instead of being beneath it, and the other form of the serpent god
appears above his avatar. Round the mountain-pestle is twisted a snake. Two dark
gods, evidently demonic forms of deities, like the Indian
Asuras, hold one end of the snake-rope while the other end is grasped
by the elephant god. To the rope is attached a symbol of the sun. (Kin).
(source: Myths of Pre-Columbian America
- By Donald A.
Mackenzie p. 191 - 192).
For
more refer to chapter on Greater
India: Suvarnabhumi and Sacred
Angkor and Seafaring
in Ancient India
Refer
to India
once ruled the Americas! – By Gene D Matlock
***
The Mexican doctrine of the World's Ages - the universe was
destroyed four consecutive times - is reminiscent of the Indian Yugas.
Even the reputed
colors of these Mythical four ages, white, yellow, red and black are identical with and in
the same order as one of the two versions of the Indian Yugas.
In both myths the duration
of the First Age is exactly the same, 4,800 divine years. The Mexican Trinity is
associated with this doctrine as in the Hindu Trinity with the Yugas in India.
Donald Alexander Mackenzie (1873 - 1936)
writes in his book, Myths
of Pre-Columbian America
"The doctrine of the World's
Ages (from Hindu Yugas) was imported into Pre-Columbian America...the Mexican
sequence is identical with the Hindus....The essential fact remains that they
were derived from a common source...It would be ridiculous to assert that such a
strange doctrine was of spontaneous origin in different parts of the Old and New
Worlds." According to the Mayan calendar, which is extant, the
time record of the mayas began on 6 August 613 B.C. It is an exact date based upon
intricated astronomical calculations, and prolonged observations. To work out this kind of
elaborate calendar must have taken well over two thousand years of studying stars, and the
Asiomericans must have been remarkably shrewd observers."
Mayan
Calendar Corroborates Hindu Prophecy
Golden Age to begin in 2012
 In
the “Brahma-Vaivarta Purana”, Lord
Krishna tells Ganga Devi that a Golden Age will come in the Kali
Yuga - one of the four stages of development that the world goes through
as part of the cycle of eras, as described in Hindu scriptures. Lord Krishna
predicted that this Golden Age will start
5,000 years after the beginning of the Kali Yuga, and will last for 10,000
years.
Mayan
Calendar Matches Hindu Calendar
It is interesting that this prediction of the emergence of a new world is
prophesied to appear about the same time that the Mayans predicted it to come!
The Mayan calendar began with the Fifth Great Cycle in 3114 BC and will end on
21 December 2012 AD.
The Hindu
Kali Yuga calendar began on 18 February 3102
B.C. There is only a difference of 12 years between the Hindu's
beginning of the Kali Yuga and the Mayan's beginning of the Fifth Great Cycle.
Golden
Age Could Begin in 2012
The ancient Hindus mainly used lunar calendars but also used solar calendars. If
an average lunar year equals 354.36 days, then this would be about 5270 lunar
years from the time when the Kali Yuga started until 21 Dec 2012. This is the
same year that the Mayans predict rebirth of our planet. It is also about 5113
solar years of 365.24 days per year, and is day number 1,867,817 into the Kali
Yuga. By either solar or lunar years, we are over 5,000 years into the Kali Yuga
and it is time for Lord Krishna's prophecy to happen according to the ancient
Hindu scriptures.
Lord
Krishna's Golden Age could easily begin in 2012!
Mayan
Prophecy Matches Hindu Prophecy
It is amazing that both calendars began at about the same time over 5,000 years
ago and both calendars predict a totally new world and/or golden age after about
5,000 years into their calendars! We are definitely on to something with these
Mayan and Hindu 2012 predictions.
(source: Golden
Age to begin in 2012 - By David
Hedges - about.com).
The Tree of Heaven in shadow
play figures from Java and so called "cross" from Palenque, Mexico.
For
more refer to chapter on Greater
India: Suvarnabhumi and Sacred
Angkor and Seafaring
in Ancient India
***
Donald Alexander Mackenzie (1873
- 1936) and other scholars, however, are of definite opinion that the ancient
Mexicans and Peruvians were familiar with Indian mythology and cite in support close
parallels in details. For instance, the history of the Mayan elephant
symbol cannot be traced in the local tradition,
whereas it was a prominent religious symbol in India. The African elephant has larger
ears. It is the profile of the Indian elephant, its tusk and lower lip, the form of its
ear, as well as its turbaned rider with his ankus, which is found in
Meso-American models. Whilst the African elephant was of little religious significance, it
had been tamed in India and associated with religious practices since the early days.
In Indian, Chinese and Japanese stories the Naga
or dragon dwells in a pool beneath a tree. The tree grows on an island in a
lake, or in the ocean. A lake island was associated with the American jewel
goddess Chalchiuhtlicue.
Later, two English scholars Channing
Arnold and Fredrick J. Tabor Frost, in their The
American Egypt, made a detailed examination of the transpacific contacts, reinforcing
the view of Buddhist influences on Central America.
The most recent and by far the most
systematic well-reasoned, and effective case has been advanced by the eminent
archaeologist, R. Heine-Geldern and Gordon Ekholm,
who favor Indian and Southeast Asian cultural influences on ancient
America through migration across the Pacific.
Astrology
Baron Alexander Von Humboldt, whilst visiting Mexico, found similarities between Asian and Mexican
astrology. He found that the systematic study of ancient American cultures and was
convinced of the Asian origin of the American-Indian high civilization. He said:
"if languages supply but feeble evidence of ancient communication between the two
worlds, their communication is fully proved by the cosmogonies, the monuments, the
hieroglyphical characters and the institutions of the people of America and Asia."
The lotus motif
Makara from Amaravati and makara from Chichen Itza (Heine-Geldern and
G.F. Ekholm
(image source: India
and World Civilization - By D. P. Singhal p 58-59).
Metal makara from India.
For
more refer to chapter on Greater
India: Suvarnabhumi and Sacred
Angkor and Seafaring
in Ancient India
***
The Makara
motif, a serpent head with upturned snout and with a human face in
its mouth, from India, Java, Bali and Sumatra, is comparable to the Mexican Xiuhcoatl, the fire serpent on the Aztec Sun Stone.
All sorts of architectural elements
are common to Mexico, Gautemala, India, Java and Indo-China, the most striking
of which are the pyramids with receding stages, faced with cut stone, and with
stairways leading to a sanctuary on top, also of stone; in many there are
surprising common traits such as serpent columns and banisters, vaulted
galleries and corbeled arches, attached columns, stone cut-out lattices, and
Atlantean figures, which are typical of Punuc style of Yucatan. The
most striking and highly specialized of these traits is the lotus motif
interpersed with seated human figures common to Chichen-Itza and Amaravati,
southern India. Amaravati is dated about the second century of our
era, but it exercised a powerful influence over the Hindu-Buddhist art of
Cambodia, Champa, and even modern Bali. It is significant that temple pyramids
in Cambodia do not antedate the eighth century, and only become important in the
ninth and tenth centuries, a time coinciding with the beginning of the Puncu
period of Yucatan according to Heine-Geldern and Ekholm, 1951).
The buildings of Chichen Itza show certain influences from
Southeast Asia; for example, the lotus motif occurs in the Mercado (covered market). The
Mercado is strikingly reminiscent of the galleries so typical of the Cambodian architecture that
eventually blossomed into the galleries of Angkor Vat.
The lotus motif, interspersed with seated human figures, which has a
deep symbolic meaning in Hindu and Buddhist mythologies and as such is an integral part of early Indian art,
especially of Amaravati, is found at Chichen Itza as a border in the reliefs of the lower room of
the Temple of Tigers. The similarity between the art of Amaravati and that of Chichen Itza
is particularly noticeable in reclining figures holding on to the rhizome of the lotus.
God on the lion throne from India, and Mayan jaguar
throne -Heine-Geldern and G.F. Ekholm
(image source: India
and World Civilization - By D. P. Singhal p 58-59).
***
The Mexican Lion-throne and Lotus-throne remind one of Indian Simhasana
and Padmasana. The parasol, a mark of royalty
amongst the Mayas, the Aztecs, and the Incas, may be an adaptation of the royal Chatra in
us in India and Indianized Asia from the earliest times.
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